Cardiovascular|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Contreras, Miguel, Rex W Hafenstine, William Bachman, and David S Long. ‘A Machine Learning Framework to Predict Subcellular Morphology of Endothelial Cells for Digital Twin Generation’. Preprint. Bioengineering, 22 March 2022.

Bone (orthopaedics)|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Cho, Seoung-Won, Soo-Hwan Byun, Sangmin Yi, Won-Seok Jang, Jong-Cheol Kim, In-Young Park, and Byoung-Eun Yang. ‘Sagittal Relationship between the Maxillary Central Incisors and the Forehead in Digital Twins of Korean Adult Females’. Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 3 (13 March 2021): 203.

Data-driven approaches|
Manufacturing|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|
Review articles|

Chen, Yingjie, Ou Yang, Chaitanya Sampat, Pooja Bhalode, Rohit Ramachandran, and Marianthi Ierapetritou. ‘Digital Twins in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Literature Review’. Processes 8, no. 9 (2 September 2020): 1088.

Data-driven approaches|
Opinion/commentary|
Pandemic (virus related)|
Review articles|

Boată, Adriana, Radu Angelescu, and Radu Dobrescu. ‘USING DIGITAL TWINS IN HEALTH CARE’, n.d., 10.

Data-driven approaches|
Lymphedema|

Bethencourt, Loic, Walid Dabachine, Vincent Dejouy, Zakaria Lalmiche, Karl Neuberger, Issam Ibnouhsein, Sandrine Chereau, et al. ‘Guiding Measurement Protocols of Connected Medical Devices Using Digital Twins: A Statistical Methodology Applied to Detecting and Monitoring Lymphedema’. IEEE Access 9 (2021): 39444–65.

Alzheimer|
Data-driven approaches|

Bertolini, Daniele, Anton D. Loukianov, Aaron M. Smith, David Li-Bland, Yannick Pouliot, Jonathan R. Walsh, and Charles K. Fisher. ‘Modeling Disease Progression in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease with Digital Twins’. arXiv, 24 December 2020.

Data-driven approaches|
Review articles|

Bagaria, Namrata, Fedwa Laamarti, Hawazin Faiz Badawi, Amani Albraikan, Roberto Alejandro Martinez Velazquez, and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik. ‘Health 4.0: Digital Twins for Health and Well-Being’. In Connected Health in Smart Cities, edited by Abdulmotaleb El Saddik, M. Shamim Hossain, and Burak Kantarci, 143–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020.

Data-driven approaches|
Gait|

Arafsha, Faisal, Christina Hanna, Ahmed Aboualmagd, Sarah Fraser, and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik. ‘Instrumented Wireless SmartInsole System for Mobile Gait Analysis: A Validation Pilot Study with Tekscan Strideway’. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 7, no. 3 (20 August 2018): 36.

Data-driven approaches|
Stroke|
Synthetic Data|

Allen, Angier, Anna Siefkas, Emily Pellegrini, Hoyt Burdick, Gina Barnes, Jacob Calvert, Qingqing Mao, and Ritankar Das. ‘A Digital Twins Machine Learning Model for Forecasting Disease Progression in Stroke Patients’. Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (16 June 2021): 5576.

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Cancer|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|
Opinion/commentary|
Review articles|

Wickramasinghe, Nilmini, Prem Prakash Jayaraman, Abdur Rahim Mohammad Forkan, Nalika Ulapane, Rohit Kaul, Stephen Vaughan, and John Zelcer. ‘A Vision for Leveraging the Concept of Digital Twins to Support the Provision of Personalized Cancer Care’. IEEE Internet Computing 26, no. 5 (1 September 2022): 17–24.