Cyber security/resilience|
Data-driven approaches|
Respiratory|

Zhang, Jun, and Yonghang Tai. ‘Secure Medical Digital Twin via Human-Centric Interaction and Cyber Vulnerability Resilience’. Connection Science 34, no. 1 (31 December 2022): 895–910.

Cancer|
Cyber security/resilience|
Data-driven approaches|
Software|

Zhang, Jun, Lin Li, Guanjun Lin, Da Fang, Yonghang Tai, and Jiechun Huang. ‘Cyber Resilience in Healthcare Digital Twin on Lung Cancer’. IEEE Access 8 (2020): 201900–913.

Data-driven approaches|
Stroke|

Yu, Zengchen, Ke Wang, Zhibo Wan, Shuxuan Xie, and Zhihan Lv. ‘FMCPNN in Digital Twins Smart Healthcare’. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 2022, 1–8.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Wang, Jinxia, Liang Qiao, Haibin Lv, and Zhihan Lv. ‘Deep Transfer Learning-Based Multi-Modal Digital Twins for Enhancement and Diagnostic Analysis of Brain MRI Image’. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 2022, 1–1.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Wan, Zhibo, Youqiang Dong, Zengchen Yu, Haibin Lv, and Zhihan Lv. ‘Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine for Digital Twins Based Brain Image Fusion’. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (9 July 2021): 705323.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Multiple-sclerosis|

Walsh, Jonathan R., Aaron M. Smith, Yannick Pouliot, David Li-Bland, Anton Loukianov, and Charles K. Fisher. ‘Generating Digital Twins with Multiple Sclerosis Using Probabilistic Neural Networks’. arXiv, 19 April 2020.

Clinical trials|
Data-driven approaches|

Walsh, David, Alejandro M Schuler, Diana Hall, Jonathan R. Walsh, and Charles K. Fisher. ‘Using Digital Twins to Reduce Sample Sizes While Maintaining Power and Statistical Accuracy’. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 17, no. S9 (December 2021).

Data-driven approaches|
Review articles|
Software|

Volkov, I., G. Radchenko, and A. Tchernykh. ‘Digital Twins, Internet of Things and Mobile Medicine: A Review of Current Platforms to Support Smart Healthcare’. Programming and Computer Software 47, no. 8 (December 2021): 578–90.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Multiple-sclerosis|

Voigt, Isabel, Hernan Inojosa, Anja Dillenseger, Rocco Haase, Katja Akgün, and Tjalf Ziemssen. ‘Digital Twins for Multiple Sclerosis’. Frontiers in Immunology 12 (3 May 2021): 669811.

Data-driven approaches|
Opinion/commentary|

Vidal, Pierre‐Paul, Alienor Vienne‐Jumeau, Albane Moreau, Catherine Vidal, Danping Wang, Julien Audiffren, Ioannis Bargiotas, et al. ‘An Opinion Paper on the Maintenance of Robustness: Towards a Multimodal and Intergenerational Approach Using Digital Twins’. AGING MEDICINE 3, no. 3 (September 2020): 188–94.