Cyber security/resilience|
Data-driven approaches|
Respiratory|

Zhang, Jun, and Yonghang Tai. ‘Secure Medical Digital Twin via Human-Centric Interaction and Cyber Vulnerability Resilience’. Connection Science 34, no. 1 (31 December 2022): 895–910.

Cancer|
Cyber security/resilience|
Data-driven approaches|
Software|

Zhang, Jun, Lin Li, Guanjun Lin, Da Fang, Yonghang Tai, and Jiechun Huang. ‘Cyber Resilience in Healthcare Digital Twin on Lung Cancer’. IEEE Access 8 (2020): 201900–913.

Data-driven approaches|
Review articles|
Software|

Volkov, I., G. Radchenko, and A. Tchernykh. ‘Digital Twins, Internet of Things and Mobile Medicine: A Review of Current Platforms to Support Smart Healthcare’. Programming and Computer Software 47, no. 8 (December 2021): 578–90.

Data-driven approaches|
Software|

Ricci, Alessandro, Angelo Croatti, Stefano Mariani, Sara Montagna, and Marco Picone. ‘Web of Digital Twins’. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 3 February 2022, 3507909.

Data-driven approaches|
Privacy|
Software|

Lutze, Rainer. ‘Digital Twins in EHealth – : Prospects and Challenges Focussing on Information Management’. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), 1–9. Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France: IEEE, 2019.

Mechanistic approaches|
Respiratory|
Software|

Masison, J., J. Beezley, Y. Mei, Hal Ribeiro, A. C. Knapp, L. Sordo Vieira, B. Adhikari, et al. ‘A Modular Computational Framework for Medical Digital Twins’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (18 May 2021): e2024287118.

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|
Software|

Liu, Ying, Lin Zhang, Yuan Yang, Longfei Zhou, Lei Ren, Fei Wang, Rong Liu, Zhibo Pang, and M. Jamal Deen. ‘A Novel Cloud-Based Framework for the Elderly Healthcare Services Using Digital Twin’. IEEE Access 7 (2019): 49088–101.

Bone (orthopaedics)|
Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Cell related|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|
Opinion/commentary|
Software|

Hernigou, Philippe, and Marius M. Scarlat. ‘Ankle and Foot Surgery: From Arthrodesis to Arthroplasty, Three Dimensional Printing, Sensors, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning Technology, Digital Twins, and Cell Therapy’. International Orthopaedics 45, no. 9 (September 2021): 2173–76.

Bone (orthopaedics)|
Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|
Software|

Hernigou, Philippe, Romain Olejnik, Adonis Safar, Sagi Martinov, Jacques Hernigou, and Bruno Ferre. ‘Digital Twins, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning Technology to Identify a Real Personalized Motion Axis of the Tibiotalar Joint for Robotics in Total Ankle Arthroplasty’. International Orthopaedics 45, no. 9 (September 2021): 2209–17.