Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|

Xing, Xiaodan, Javier Del Ser, Yinzhe Wu, Yang Li, Jun Xia, Lei Xu, David Firmin, Peter Gatehouse, and Guang Yang. ‘HDL: Hybrid Deep Learning for the Synthesis of Myocardial Velocity Maps in Digital Twins for Cardiac Analysis’. arXiv, 9 March 2022.

Cardiovascular|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Contreras, Miguel, Rex W Hafenstine, William Bachman, and David S Long. ‘A Machine Learning Framework to Predict Subcellular Morphology of Endothelial Cells for Digital Twin Generation’. Preprint. Bioengineering, 22 March 2022.

Cardiovascular|
Mechanistic approaches|

Jung, Alexander, Matthias A. F. Gsell, Christoph M. Augustin, and Gernot Plank. ‘An Integrated Workflow for Building Digital Twins of Cardiac Electromechanics—A Multi-Fidelity Approach for Personalising Active Mechanics’. Mathematics 10, no. 5 (4 March 2022): 823.

Cardiovascular|
Mechanistic approaches|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Groth, Corrado, Stefano Porziani, and Marco Evangelos Biancolini. ‘The Medical Digital Twin Assisted by Reduced Order Models and Mesh Morphing’, 2018, 13.

Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Gillette, Karli, Matthias A.F. Gsell, Anton J. Prassl, Elias Karabelas, Ursula Reiter, Gert Reiter, Thomas Grandits, et al. ‘A Framework for the Generation of Digital Twins of Cardiac Electrophysiology from Clinical 12-Leads ECGs’. Medical Image Analysis 71 (July 2021): 102080

Cardiovascular|
Mechanistic approaches|

Gillette, Karli, Matthias A. F. Gsell, Julien Bouyssier, Anton J. Prassl, Aurel Neic, Edward J. Vigmond, and Gernot Plank. ‘Automated Framework for the Inclusion of a His–Purkinje System in Cardiac Digital Twins of Ventricular Electrophysiology’. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 12 (December 2021): 3143–53

Cancer|
Mechanistic approaches|

Gerach, Tobias, Steffen Schuler, Jonathan Fröhlich, Laura Lindner, Ekaterina Kovacheva, Robin Moss, Eike Moritz Wülfers, Gunnar Seemann, Christian Wieners, and Axel Loewe. ‘Electro-Mechanical Whole-Heart Digital Twins: A Fully Coupled Multi-Physics Approach’. Mathematics 9, no. 11 (29 May 2021): 1247

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Cancer|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Corral-Acero, Jorge, Francesca Margara, Maciej Marciniak, Cristobal Rodero, Filip Loncaric, Yingjing Feng, Andrew Gilbert, et al. ‘The “Digital Twin” to Enable the Vision of Precision Cardiology’. European Heart Journal 41, no. 48 (21 December 2020): 4556–64

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Cardiovascular|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Chakshu, Neeraj Kavan, Igor Sazonov, and Perumal Nithiarasu. ‘Towards Enabling a Cardiovascular Digital Twin for Human Systemic Circulation Using Inverse Analysis’. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 20, no. 2 (April 2021): 449–65

Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Chakshu, Neeraj Kavan, Jason Carson, Igor Sazonov, and Perumal Nithiarasu. ‘A Semi‐active Human Digital Twin Model for Detecting Severity of Carotid Stenoses from Head Vibration—A Coupled Computational Mechanics and Computer Vision Method’. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2019): e3180.