Data-driven approaches|
Omics|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

on behalf of the Swedish Digital Twin Consortium, Bergthor Björnsson, Carl Borrebaeck, Nils Elander, Thomas Gasslander, Danuta R. Gawel, Mika Gustafsson, et al. ‘Digital Twins to Personalize Medicine’. Genome Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 2020): 4.

Data-driven approaches|
Opinion/commentary|
Review articles|

Mohapatra, Sanjay, and Sayan Bose. ‘An Appraisal of Literature for Design and Implementation of Developing a Framework for Digital Twin and Validation through Case Studies’. Health and Technology 10, no. 5 (September 2020): 1229–37.

Data-driven approaches|
Mental-health|
Opinion/commentary|

Milne-Ives, Madison, Lorna K Fraser, Asiya Khan, David Walker, Michelle Helena van Velthoven, Jon May, Ingrid Wolfe, Tracey Harding, and Edward Meinert. ‘Life Course Digital Twins–Intelligent Monitoring for Early and Continuous Intervention and Prevention (LifeTIME): Proposal for a Retrospective Cohort Study’. JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 5 (26 May 2022): e35738.

Data-driven approaches|
Privacy|
Software|

Lutze, Rainer. ‘Digital Twins in EHealth – : Prospects and Challenges Focussing on Information Management’. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), 1–9. Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France: IEEE, 2019.

Blockchain|
Bone (orthopaedics)|
Data-driven approaches|
Pandemic (virus related)|

Lu, Qiuchen, Zhen Ye, Zigeng Fang, Jiayin Meng, Michael Pitt, Jinyi Lin, Xiang Xie, and Long Chen. ‘Creating an Inter-Hospital Resilient Network for Pandemic Response Based on Blockchain and Dynamic Digital Twins’. In 2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), 1–12. Phoenix, AZ, USA: IEEE, 2021.

Cell related|
Data-driven approaches|
Omics|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Li, Xinxiu, Eun Jung Lee, Sandra Lilja, Joseph Loscalzo, Samuel Schäfer, Martin Smelik, Maria Regina Strobl, et al. ‘A Dynamic Single Cell-Based Framework for Digital Twins to Prioritize Disease Genes and Drug Targets’. Genome Medicine 14, no. 1 (December 2022): 48.

Data-driven approaches|
Review articles|

Kamel Boulos, Maged N., and Peng Zhang. ‘Digital Twins: From Personalised Medicine to Precision Public Health’. Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 8 (29 July 2021): 745.

Data-driven approaches|
Ethics|

Huang, Pei-hua, Ki-hun Kim, and Maartje Schermer. ‘Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalized Health Care Service: Preliminary Mapping Study’. Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 1 (31 January 2022): e33081.

Clinical trials|
Data-driven approaches|

Højbjerre-Frandsen, Emilie, Mathias Jeppesen Lerbech, and Rasmus Kuhr Jensen. ‘Increasing the Power in Randomised Clinical Trials Using Digital Twins’. Aalborg University, 2022.

Data-driven approaches|
Federated Learning|

Gupta, Deepti, Olumide Kayode, Smriti Bhatt, Maanak Gupta, and Ali Saman Tosun. ‘Hierarchical Federated Learning Based Anomaly Detection Using Digital Twins for Smart Healthcare’. In 2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC), 16–25. Atlanta, GA, USA: IEEE, 2021.