Ethics|
Opinion/commentary|

Tigard, Daniel W. ‘Digital Twins Running Amok? Open Questions for the Ethics of an Emerging Medical Technology’. Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 6 (June 2021): 407–8.

Ethics|
Review articles|

Popa, Eugen Octav, Mireille van Hilten, Elsje Oosterkamp, and Marc-Jeroen Bogaardt. ‘The Use of Digital Twins in Healthcare: Socio-Ethical Benefits and Socio-Ethical Risks’. Life Sciences, Society and Policy 17, no. 1 (December 2021): 6.

Ethics|
Opinion/commentary|

Mittelstadt, Brent. ‘Near-Term Ethical Challenges of Digital Twins’. Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 6 (June 2021): 405–6.

Ethics|

Bruynseels, Koen, Filippo Santoni de Sio, and Jeroen van den Hoven. ‘Digital Twins in Health Care: Ethical Implications of an Emerging Engineering Paradigm’. Frontiers in Genetics 9 (13 February 2018): 31.

Ethics|
Opinion/commentary|

Braun, Matthias. ‘Ethics of Digital Twins: Four Challenges’. Journal of Medical Ethics 48, no. 9 (September 2022): 579–80.

Data-driven approaches|
Ethics|

Huang, Pei-hua, Ki-hun Kim, and Maartje Schermer. ‘Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalized Health Care Service: Preliminary Mapping Study’. Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 1 (31 January 2022): e33081.

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Data-driven approaches|
Ethics|
Mechanistic approaches|
Opinion/commentary|
Policy|

Braun, Matthias, and Jenny Krutzinna. ‘Digital Twins and the Ethics of Health Decision-Making Concerning Children’. Patterns 3, no. 4 (April 2022): 100469.

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Data-driven approaches|
Ethics|
Mechanistic approaches|

Braun, Matthias. ‘Represent Me: Please! Towards an Ethics of Digital Twins in Medicine’. Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 6 (June 2021): 394–400